European Energy Cooperative:

Content:-

1. Fear inspiration from Napoleon
2. The interests of every authoritarian state
3. Role of Metternich 

Russia, Prussia, Austria and England played a major role in bringing down Napoleon Bonaparte. After the fall of Napoleon, these victorious powers introduced a new political order in Europe at the Conference of Vienna. The main problem before them then was to perpetuate the Vienna Decision and maintain peace in Europe. At that moment every state felt that a storm of protest would arise against the decision of Vienna and that only by combined efforts could they solve the problem. So the victorious powers realized the need to establish a permanent international organization. Russia and Austria drafted two treaties for this purpose. These are respectively known as 'Holy Alliance' and 'Quadruple Alliance'.

And the Holy Covenant: The originator of the Holy Covenant was Alexander I, Tsar of Russia. He was sentimental and idealistic. He was particularly influenced by religion when he came in contact with a nun named von Kudiner. In addition, a kind of religious renaissance began in Europe during the period under discussion. Influenced by this religion, Alexander believed that if European monarchs determined their domestic and foreign policies in accordance with Christian theology, the disorder in Europe would be alleviated. Based on this idea, Alexander urged the Christian nations of Europe to form an alliance. For this purpose he composed the 'Draft of the Holy Covenant'. The plan was officially announced on 26th September 1815. It is said in the Holy Covenant – (1) The signatories shall treat each other as brothers.

He will treat the Kamcharas like the father of the royal family. (3) All other European monarchs except the Pope and the Sultan of Turkey were forced to join forces to govern the country by means of 'Justice, Love and Punishment'. The Pope was a supporter of secular politics and the Sultan of Turkey was a Muslim, so they were excluded. Russia, Prussia and Austria sign the Holy Pact. But England refused to sign it for various reasons.

In practice the sacred covenant was void. Only Tsar Alexander I had no confidence in the treaty. Austria or Prussia joined it only to please the Nar Czar. Metanric himself called this agreement a 'high sounding nothing'. To Talera, it was a 'ridiculous deal'. Castlereagh regarded it as 'mysterious folly'. The Holy Covenant was, in his words, 'a piece of sublime mysticism and nonsense'. In fact, it did not contain the minimum terms of any contract. That is, any contract has a specific goal and a well-defined roadmap to reach that goal. But he was having none of it; Naturally this sacred covenant is not particularly effective. But the German philosopher Goethe believed that "nothing greater or more useful for mankind had been invented." -Can do no harm to the signatory states. In the words of Jiva Critic: "This treaty proved how weak an effort to build a theological (Christian) nation-state can be in realpolitik."

Quadruple Alliance: England, Austria, Prussia and Russia signed the Quadruple Alliance on the same day as the Second Treaty of Paris.

The Quadruple Pact was much more realistic and effective. In fact, the European Energy Cooperative was formed on the basis of the Quartet Agreement. The signatory states of the Quadrilateral Agreement undertake that, (1) the provisions of the Treaty of Vienna, the Treaty of Paris and the Treaty of Seymour shall be maintained in all circumstances. (2) No Bonaparte shall ever be allowed to sit on the French throne. (3) The peace of Europe shall be maintained on the basis of mutual negotiation and co-operation. (4) The Signatory States shall meet from time to time to review the political situation in Europe and to decide on the solution of problems arising.

Although such a decision was made, the Signatory States IV were not in agreement from the beginning. Austria's differences with England in particular were substantial from the start. England's objective was to maintain the new state system adopted by Vienna and to prevent the rise of a formidable figure like Napoleon Bonaparte in France. But Metternich of Austria was a stickler for conservatism and stagnation. Revolution in his eyes was a symbol of destruction. As the representative of a declining empire, he viewed parliament or popular representation with horror. So Metternich made any changes to this treaty. Wanted to use it as a weapon of opposition and anti-liberalism. The very nature of English politics was opposed to interference in the internal affairs of any country. But Metternich wanted to keep the monarchy intact and to prevent any increase in popular power or mass movement.

  To interfere in the internal affairs of the country. This ideological conflict between conservative Austria and liberal England undermined the future of the treaty from the start. In the end it was decided, according to Castlereagh's proposal, that intervention in the affairs of other states would not be a declared policy. But if necessary, Congress will be convened to try to solve the problem. First, Russia, Prussia, Austria and England signed the "Four Power Pact". France was later added.

According to Grant and Temperley, the 'Congress System' began with Article 6 of the Quadruple Pact. In the past, statesmen used to decide the diplomacy alone, instead, the system of determining relations based on joint negotiations was introduced. But some think that then there was no concept of Congress-system in real sense. Therefore, they could not solve any problem together, nor could they form any international association.

The first meeting of the European Energy Co-operative was convened under the provisions of the Quadruple Agreement. In the city of I-la Chapelle (1818 AD). Leaders of Russia, Prussia, Austria and diplomats such as Metternich, Castlereagh, Wellington, Hardenberg, Richelieu etc. were present in this conference. France having already paid its due reparations, it was decided that the victorious army would be withdrawn from France and that France would be included in the Cooperative. The conference ordered Sweden's King Barnardot to follow the treaty he had made with Norway, and ordered the monarch to govern well. Thus energy-cooperatives play the role of proper peacekeepers in the case of small countries.

But differences between energy cooperatives became apparent in solving problems related to the interests of the big powers. King Ferdinand of Spain sought the help of the Cooperative to re-establish his authority over the rebellious Spanish colonies in South America. But already England's commercial relations with those rebellious Spanish colonies had strengthened. Therefore, England strongly opposed the intervention of Shakti Cooperative in this regard. Again, when England demanded to stop the prohibited slave trade, other big countries opposed it. Thus began the monopolization of this La Chapelle meeting.

The next meeting was held at Tropo (1820 AD). Here the differences become more pronounced. In the meantime, the Spaniards had wrested a liberal constitution from the Spanish king in a popular uprising. Czar Alexander attempted to employ force-cooperatives to suppress the Spanish rebellion. Alexander offered to intervene with the Cooperative of Powers to suppress the rebellious Spanish colonies.

But England opposed interference in Spain's internal affairs. Because England feared that the Spanish monarchy might become stronger with the help of allies. And in that case Britain's commercial interests in the Spanish colonies would increase. Metternich also supported England. Because Austria did not want the growth of Russia's power and prestige in Europe. Within a few days, liberal revolts broke out in Napes and Portugal. Austria's interests are disturbed by it. Metternich resolved to use power-cooperatives to establish conservatism. For this purpose he wrote a document called 'Protocol of Tropo'. It is said that the constitution which a state will give voluntarily is the same will be valid. If any regime is established in any state which is dangerous to other states, the energy cooperative can take action against it. England strongly opposed it. According to him, interference in the internal affairs of a country is 'antithetical to the principle of sovereignty. But despite the objections of England, the other three states passed it. As a result, England became indifferent to energy cooperatives.

The next meeting was held at Laibach (1821 AD). Here, according to Tropo's manifesto, a program of suppression of the rebellion was adopted in Naples and Piedmont.

The fourth meeting of Shakti-Cooperatives was held in the city of Verona. The main topics of discussion at this meeting were the revolt in Spain and the movement of the Greeks. Russia was eager to suppress the movement of the Greeks. But it was thwarted by the opposition of Austria and England. The Powers-Cooperative decided to intervene in the rebellion in Spain. In protest, England boycotted the energy-cooperative. Metternich then set out to subdue the Spanish colonies in South America. This angered England, because its president Monroe announced his famous 'Monroe Doctrine'. "America is for Americans," he said. The United States will not tolerate any country interfering in America's internal affairs. As a result, Metternich's objectives failed. British Prime Minister Canning proudly said, "I have created a new world (America) to balance the old world." In his words: "I have brought a new world into existence to redress the balance of the old."

Energy cooperatives were virtually destroyed after the Verona-meeting. Tsar Alexander convened another meeting of the Cooperative in St. Petersburg (1825 AD) to resolve the problem of the Greek rebellion. Here the differences between Russia and other states are sharp. England first announced that the country would not join the Energy-Cooperation Conference. In this situation the Shakti Cooperative breaks up.

Europe's energy-cooperation lasted for about ten years. During these ten years Shakti Cooperative was successful in some cases and failed in some cases. Both these successes and failures were the natural consequences of contemporary politics. The source of power-co-operation was the Congress of Vienna and aimed at curbing the voices of liberalism and nationalism. On the other hand, the Spanish colonies of Piedmont, Naples, Portugal, Greece etc. aimed to build a liberal constitution or movement for independence. Austria, Russia, Prussia etc. were active in suppressing these movements. But England was against suppressing democratic mass movements in any other country on moral grounds. Because of these contradictions, the Shakti-Cooperative could never take up a well-coordinated programme. The declared goal of the Shakti-Samoabha was also not fixed. The Power Cooperative was originally created to protect Europe from France. But after France joined the energy cooperative, that need disappeared. But then the power-co-operation was aimed at suppressing liberal movements in other countries of Europe. In the words of Grant and Temperani: "After 1820 the Congress system became in fact a trade union of kings for suppressing the liberties of the people."

Failure of energy-cooperatives was normal. A combination of several factors can be observed for this. First, the main factor behind the formation of power-cooperatives was Napoleon-related panic.

So it is called 'By-product of Napoleonic War'. The great powers forgot their conflict of interests and united to seize the one and the same enemy, Napoleon. But as the influence of the French Revolution and Napoleon waned, so did their own conflict of interest. This extreme result occurs through the collapse of cooperatives.

Second, the diversity of national interests and objectives of the European powers and mutual suspicion and competition made its decline inevitable. No organization can succeed without uniformity of purpose and ideals. In Ketelby's words: "No federation can endure without a modicum of common interest." Tsar Alexander I sought to halt England's advance with the help of other powers. England, on the other hand, wanted To prevent Bush-advance in the Balkans with the help of other states. Because of these differences, the big states could never come to a unanimous decision.

Thirdly, the ideological conflicts of the co-operative states were also strong as were the conflicts of interest. England was liberal but others were autocratic. Hence the difference in outlook between liberal England and other conservative states. David Thomson says, “The conservative powers considered the European Power-Cooperative a bulwark against revolution, but England did. It is a flux gate through which a wave of controlled liberalism will be released.” This ideological conflict was largely responsible for its downfall.

Fourth, England's abandonment of power-cooperatives weakens co-operatives. After the Verona conference, England withdrew from the alliance. Canning, the new British Prime Minister, felt that England had been discredited and damaged by joining the alliance. So he withdrew England from the power alliance due to the intervention of Spanish colonial cooperatives. Then American President Monroe declared his "America for the Americans" doctrine and the power-cooperative fell silent. Fearing England's resignation and American threats, the Power-Cooperatives were forced to abandon their announced plans. As a result, the image of Shakti-Cooperatives is greatly tarnished.

Fifth, energy-cooperation made the grave mistake of considering the decisions of the Vienna-Conference as inviolable. According to David Thomson, energy-cooperatives should have recognized historical changes. Attempts by conservatism to stem the inevitable rise of nationalism and democracy were to go against the grain of history. Naturally its decline and end was the inevitable outcome of history.