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Units

All engineered systems require measurements to chararcterise an object's performance as well as to determine its size, weight, speed, etc. It's important to comprehend how to use these units.

the single most significant goal of this book because it pertains to every aspect of engineering and everything an engineer performs. Understanding units involves much more than just being able to convert between feet and meters or the other way around; integrating and converting units from many sources is a difficult subject. Combining and converting units from several sources is a difficult problem. For example, meters to meters or vice versa. How may thermal conductivity, measured in Watts per meter per degree Celsius, be converted from, for instance, building insulation defined in BTU inches per hour per square foot per degree Fahrenheit? Or is it convertible? Are the measurements made by the two units equivalent or not? (For instance, the natural gas flow was insufficient in a new engine laboratory facility that was being constructed for me. In order to produce a minimum of 50 cubic feet per minute (cfm) of natural gas at a pressure of 5 pounds per square inch, I informed the contractor that I needed a system (psi). What is the conversion between cfm and psi, he asked in response. Naturally, the answer is "no," as cfm and psi are measurements of flow rate and pressure, respectively.) These myths present a daily challenge for engineers.

The USCS (US Customary System) and the English systems of units and measurements are burdensome for American engineers! and (2) the SI ( Saystem International d' Unités) metric system. Both systems have a set of base units, which are created based on a standard measure such the quantity of wavelengths produced by a specific light source. These fundamental units comprise:

👉Length (meters, centimeter, feet, inches); 1 m = 100 cm = 3.281 ft = 39.37 in

👉Mass ( l bm, slugs, kilograms); (1 kg = 2.205 l bm = 0.06853 slug) ( l bm = "pounds mass")

👉Time (seconds; the standard contraction is "s" not "sec") (same units in USCS and SI!)

👉Electric flow (truly electric charge in units of coulombs [abbreviation: 'coul' is the base

unit and the determined unit is current = charge/time) (1 coulomb = charge on 6.241506 x 1018

electrons) (1 ampere [abbreviation: amp]= 1 coul/s)

In spite of frequent reports to the contrary, moles are only an accounting convenience used to avoid lugging around factors of 10^23 everywhere. The number of particles in a mole of particles is wholly arbitrary; by convention, Avogadro's number is given as NA = 6.0221415 x 10^23, with particles/mole (or persons of any sort, not only particles) serving as the unit of measurement.

Temperature is frequently used as a base unit, although it is not; rather, it is a derived unit, which means that it was produced by combining foundation units. In essence, temperature is a unit of energy multiplied by Boltzman's constant. An ideal gas molecule's average kinetic energy in a three-dimensional box is 1.5kT, where k is Boltzman's constant, which is 1.380622 x 10^-23 J/K (actually (Joules/molecule)/K). The kinetic energy of an ideal gas molecule (and only an ideal gas; no other substance) is 1.5 kT = 2.0709 x 10^-23 J at 1 Kelvin, which is the temperature at which this occurs.

The ideal gas constant (ℜ) with which are you are very familiar is simply Boltzman’s constant multiplied by Avogadro’s number, i.e.

There’s also another type of gas constant R = ℜ/M, where M = molecular mass of the gas; R depends on the type of gas whereas ℜ is the “universal” gas constant

What is Mechanical Engineering

What is Mechanical Engineering?

A mechanical engineer will handle it if it needs engineering but doesn't involve electrons, chemical reactions, the arrangement of molecules, living forms, isn't a structure (building, bridge, dam), and doesn't fly.

Mechanical engineers may handle it regardless if it involves electrons, chemical events, molecule arrangements, life forms, is a structure, or flies.

Although every engineering professor in every engineering department will assert that his or her specialty is the broadest engineering discipline, this is actually true for mechanical engineering because the core concepts are present in all engineering systems (fluid mechanics, solid mechanics, heat transfer, control systems, etc.).

Although being one of the oldest engineering specialties (though possibly Civil Engineering is even older), Mechanical Engineering has seen a quite dramatic transition during the past 20 years as a result of various new technology advances,

• Computer Aided Design (CAD)

The typical non-technical individual may believe that mechanical engineers create drawings for tools with nuts, bolts, shafts, gears, bearings, levers, etc. while seated in front of a drafting table. The drafting board has long since been superseded by CAD software, which allows a part to be built and tested digitally before any real object is made, despite the fact that the depiction was partially accurate one hundred years ago.

Simulation.

Before committing to manufacture, CAD enables for testing the resulting virtual parts for structural, thermal, electrical, aerodynamic, and other factors as well as sizing and verifying for fit and interferences.

Sensor and actuators.

These days, even everyday consumer goods like cars include dozens of sensors to detect things like temperatures, pressures, flow rates, linear speeds, and rotational speeds. These sensors serve as inputs to a microcontroller in addition to being utilished to monitor the device's health and performance. The microprocessor in turn controls actuators that modify valve positions, timings, and flow rates (such as the amount of fuel injected into an engine).

3D printing.

Starting with a block or casting of material, traditional "subtractive manufacturing" involved removing material by drilling, milling, grinding, etc. But compared to contemporary "additive manufacturing" or "3D printing," which builds a structure in layers, the shapes that can be made in this technique are constrained. A new method of producing prototypes and, in some circumstances, full-scale manufacturing has emerged as a result of 3D printing, much to how CAD + simulation led to a new way of designing systems.

Collaboration with other fields.

An automobile, for example, was historically designed almost entirely by mechanical engineers. Large electrical and electronic systems, safety features like air bags and seat belts, and specialised batteries are all present in modern vehicles. etc., which, respectively, call for design input from electrical, biomechanical, and chemical experts. A modern mechanical engineer must be able to comprehend and take into account the demands that non-mechanical considerations place on the system.

Mechanical engineering is both tough and intriguing because of the drastic changes in what they accomplish today compared to a relatively recent time.

Mechanical Engineering curriculum

In almost any accredited Mechanical Engineering program, the following courses are required:

👉Essential sciences - math, science, physical science

👉Broadness or conveyance (called "General Training" at USC)

👉PC illustrations and PC helped plan

👉Exploratory designing and instrumentation

👉Mechanical plan - nuts, screws, gears, welds

👉Computational methods - converting continuous mathematical equations into discrete equations for example

👉Core “engineering science”

⇛Elements - basically F = mama applied to many kinds of frameworks

⇛ Strength and properties of materials

⇛Liquid mechanics

⇛Thermodynamics

⇛Intensity move

⇛Control frameworks

👉Senior "capstone" plan project

Examples of industries employing MEs

Numerous businesses utilize mechanical designers; a couple of ventures and the kind of frameworks MEs

configuration are recorded underneath.

💥Automotive

🧿Ignition

🧿Motors, transmissions

🧿Suspensions

💥Aviation (w/plane design specialists)

🧿Control frameworks

🧿Heat move in turbines

🧿Liquid mechanics (inner and outer)

💥Biomedical (w/doctors)

🧿Biomechanics - prosthesis

🧿Stream and transport in vivo

💥PCs (w/PC engineers)

🧿Heat move

🧿Bundling of parts and frameworks

💥Development (w/structural specialists)

🧿Warming, ventilation, cooling (central air)

🧿Stress examination

💥Electrical power age (w/electrical architects)

🧿Steam power cycles - intensity and work

🧿Mechanical plan of turbines, generators, ...

💥Petrochemicals (w/substance, oil engineers)

🧿Oil boring - stress, liquid stream, structures

🧿 Plan of treatment facilities - channeling, pressure vessels

💥Mechanical technology (w/electrical designers)

🧿Mechanical plan of actuators, sensors

🧿Stress investigation

TRACTION

HISTORY OF ELECTRIC TRACTION :-

👉 4500-3300 BC (Copper Age): creation of the potter's wheel; earliest strong

wooden wheels (circles with an opening for the hub); earliest wheeled

vehicles; training of the pony

👉 2200-1550 BC (Center Bronze Age): creation of the spoked haggle

the chariot

👉 In 1769 the primary steam-controlled vehicle equipped for human transportation

was worked by Nicolas-Joseph Cugnot.

👉 In 1803, Hayden Wischett planned the main vehicle controlled by the de Rivaz

motor, an early gas powered motor that was filled by hydrogen.

👉 Marcus made the two-cycle burning motor.

👉 The vehicle's second manifestation in 1880 presented a four-cycle, gasolinepowered motor, a cunning carburetor plan and magneto start. He made two extra models further refining his plan with guiding, a grasp and a brake.

👉 Development of the gas (petroleum ) energized gas powered motor in the 1880s.

👉 The four-stroke petroleum gas powered motor that actually comprises the

most predominant type of present day car drive was protected by Nicolaus Otto.

👉 The comparative four-stroke diesel motor was imagined by Rudolf Diesel.

👉 1803 - First open railroad was made in London. It moved products through strength on the line that was 14 km long.

👉 1804 - British chap Matthew Murray made first steam based train in Leeds.

👉 1812 - First business traveler rail line opens in Britain on the Middleton Rail line.

👉 The battery electric vehicle owes its starting points to Ányos Jedlik, one of the innovators of the electric engine, and Gaston Planté, who designed the lead-corrosive battery in 1859.

👉 In1881 First open electric cable car line opened in Berlin.

👉 In 1882 the Italian Enrico Bernardi made the principal petroleum controlled vehicle, a

tricycle.

👉 1890 - London underground trains changed to electrical motors, beginning the

time of present day quick travel frameworks.

👉 1913 - Diesel fueled trains began being utilized in Sweden.

👉 1937 - German innovator Hermann Kemper licensed train framework that utilized

attractive levitation (maglev).

VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF TRACTION

💥Traction is the activity of drawing or pulling something over a surface,

particularly a street or track.

💥"a crude vehicle utilized in creature footing"

💥Rationale power gave to draw or pull something, particularly on a railroad.

Drive of vehicle is known as the foothold and the framework that causes the

impetus of a vehicle in which that main thrust or tractive power is

gotten from different power and gadgets, for example, Muscle power driven Foothold

frameworks, electric engines, steam motor drives, petroleum motor drives, diesel

motor jumps, Battery controlled drives, Attractive levitation and so on. Is known as

foothold framework.

IDEAL TRACTION SYSTEM

💢Traction High beginning tractive exertion to have quick speed increase.

💢Independent and smaller train so it very well might have the option to run on any

defeat.

💢 Hardware fit for enduring huge transitory over-burdens.

💢Least wear on the track.

💢Slowing down ought to be to such an extent that base wear is caused on the brake shoes, and

assuming that conceivable the energy ought to be recovered and gotten back to the inventory.

💢Hardware required ought to be least, high proficiency, low starting and

support cost.

💢 No impedance to the correspondence line running along the track.

💢 Simple speed control.

💢 It ought to be without contamination.

DIFFERENT SYSTEM OF TRACTION

🧿Traction Systems using muscles Power :

🎯Animal driven : Bullock cart , Horse cart , Sledge etc.

🎯Manual driven : Cycle, Rickshaw, cycle van etc.

🧿Traction systems using motive power:

🎯Non-electric Traction System

🎯Direct Steam Engine Drive

🎯Direct Internal Combustion Engine Drive

🧿 Electric Traction System

🎯Steam Electric Drive

🎯Internal Combustion Engine Electric Drive

● Diesel electric traction

● Petrol electric traction

🎯Battery Electric Drive

🎯Electric Traction Drive

🎯Electro-Magnetic levitation system.

Neon Lamps

what is neon lamp ?

A neon lamp is a particular kind of gas discharge lamp that burns low pressure mixtures of neon gas and other gases like argon or helium.

The gas inside the lamp is ionised and emits light when an electric current is introduced to it.

Neon lamps were invented at the beginning of the 20th century, and by the middle of the century, they were widely used for exhibits and signs.

They are still utilised in modern times for both decorative lighting and technological gadget indicators.

The color of the light emitted by a neon lamp depends on the gas mixture and the voltage applied.

Whereas argon emits a blue-violet light, neon emits a vivid red-orange light.

By adjusting the gas mixture and voltage, a variety of colors can be produced.

💥 It is cold cathode lamp

💥 Operating voltage is low – 110 V AC or 150 V DC

💥 It consists of glass envelope with electrode and filled with Neon gas along with small amount of Helium

💥 Gives Orange – Pink radiation

💥 By varying the composition of glass and adding different substances different colours (like O,R,G,Y) etc. Can be produced.

💥 Efficacy varies from 50 Lu/W (Red) to 65 Lu/W (Green).

💥 Normally used as indicators, night lamps, determination of DC polarity etc.

Neon Sign Tubes

💢 The length of the lamp may be varied (up to nearly 9m.) and even may be bent in any desired shape. It is called Neon Sign Tube.

💢 Comparatively higher operating voltage

💢 Starting Starting purpose purpose striking striking value is nearly 1.5 times

💢 Step up transformer with high leakage reactance is used for starting voltage. Drooping characteristics helps in reduced running voltage.

💢 Sometimes UV radiation and Fluorescence principle is used. Hence called Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamp (CCFL)

💢 Mainly used in advertising and decorative purposes.

Colorimetry

Colour

👉Variety is a quality not entirely settled by the light's unearthly structure and the communication with the natural eye. Subsequently, variety is a psychophysical

peculiarity, and impression of variety is emotional.

👉The cone cells are gathered into three kinds, each answers a piece of the

range, with top reactions comparing to blue, green, and red light. The

cooperation of these gatherings is then answerable for the boost which is deciphered by the mind as variety.

👉At the point when a variety is made freely like by a light, is called source

variety.

👉For object tone, it is important to decide and assess the ghastly dissemination of the illuminant. This is on the grounds that the variety shows up distinctively when the

light source changes.

Colorimetry

🧿 Colorimetry, the study of variety estimation, is generally utilized in commerce, industry and the lab to communicate variety in mathematical terms andto measure variety contrasts between examples. Applications incorporate paints, inks, plastics, materials and attire, food and drinks, drugs and cosmetics, shows, and different parts and items that reflect or communicate variety.

🧿 The resultant variety impact of blending three shaded lights, red, green, and blue. The red, green, and blue can be known as the primaries and the subsequent yellow, cyan, and fuchsia the secondaries. Source Tone is of addititive blending nature. • The shade of a still up in the air by colors. These are synthetics which make a given tone by deducting (retaining) portions of the range of the occurrence light. The leftover light is reflected and this gives the item its variety trademark. Object tone is of subtractive nature.

🧿The properties of variety which are intrinsically discernable by the natural eye are shade, immersion and splendor. • It is found that a wide range of mixes of light frequencies can create a similar view of variety. This can be placed in context with the CIE chromaticity graph.

CIE chromaticity diagram

Colorimetric instrument

💢 A tristimulus colorimeter gauges the tristimulus upsides of a variety.

💢 irrefutably the ghastly power conveyance of a light source can be estimated with

a spectroradiometer.

💢 Reflected variety can be estimated utilizing a spectrophotometer.

💢 A spectrocolorimeter is a spectrophotometer that can is a spectrophotometer that can work out compute tristimulus values.

Colour rendering index (CRI)

💥A variety delivering record (CRI) is a quantitative proportion of the capacity of a light source to reveal the shade of different items steadfastly in correlation with an ideal or normal light source (typically we consider as sunshine.). Light sources with a high CRI are alluring in color-basic applications like activity theater and workmanship reclamation.

💥It is characterized by the Worldwide Commission of Enlightenment (CIE) as follows:

Variety delivering: Impact of an illuminant on the variety appearance of items by cognizant or subconscious subliminal correlation examination with their variety appearance under a reference illuminant.

💥The variety delivering record (CRI) is estimated as a number with greatest worth 100. The minimum worth might be even negative ( if there should be an occurrence of LPSV light). Under light of low CRI lamp, all objects seem to be same in variety (blackish Grey).A CRI of 100 shows the real nature of the object. Brilliant and incandescent lamp sources have a CRI of 100 or almost 100.

💥Related variety temperature of a light source (CCT) : It is the outright temperature of a blackbody whose chromaticity most almost looks like that of the light source. If chromaticity precisely coordinates with any worth on the dark body radiator, then, at that point, it is named as Colour Temperature (CT). In reality CCT is the general term used to depict variety character of any light source.

Metal Halide Lamp

A specific type of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp known as a metal halide lamp produces light by using a combination of metal halide salts.

The metal halide salts and other gases are contained in a tube that the lamp employs to generate light by circulating an electric current through it.

Metal Halide Lamp: Working Principle

💥A metal halide lamp can be considered as an extension of HPMV lamp.

💥In HPMV lamp visible radiations are at 3 spectral areas ; Blue (436nm), Green(546nm) & Yellow(578nm). Red region is absent. It causes poor colour renditionproperty and moderate luminous efficacy.

💥By adding suitable suitable metals with lower excitation excitation potentials potentials to the arc tube, thecolour property i.e. CRI can be improved.

💥Metals may be of different types – Single Line radiators ( Sodium – Yellow, Indium – Blue), Multi Line Radiators (rare earth maetals like Scandium, Thorium, etc), Molecular Radiators for wide band light emissions.

💥 But they are generally highly reactive and would damage the quartz arc tube.

💥By adding the metals in the form of halides these problems can be eliminatedto a satisfactorily good extent.

💥Iodides (less reactive) are mostly used & Fluorides never used (Strong reactive)

Working Process

≽ At first the output spectrum is only due to Hg Vapour, because Halides remainsolidified.

≽ On further heating Halides dissociate in the hot central regionof thedischarge tube allowing their metal atoms to make a contribution to the lightoutput by their characteristic spectral emission mostly in the Red region.

≽ In the relatively cool region near arc tube wall, metal and halogen atomsrecombine to form the halides again. These halides are much less chemicallyreactive than the metal ions and hence cause less damage to the fused silica(quartz) glass of arc tube.

≽ This cyclic process results efficient lamp operation with better CRI.

≽ The radiation Characteristics of MH lamps are strongly dependent of thevapour pressure of the halides and hence the Cold and Hot spot temperaturesof the arc tube

Optical Characteristics and Applications

👉 MH lamps can be made in various size and rating and with different colour output – from Daylight to even UV.

👉 With varying composition of Metal Halides and inside pressure, MH lamps are available with variable optical properties -

👉 Luminous Efficacy – 70 -100 Lm/W

👉 CRI – 70 -90  CCT – 3600 K – 5600 K

👉 Life – 6000 – 15000 working hours

👉 Application – Quality Interiors, Wide Area Floodlighting, Stage and Studio Light, Sports Light particularly for Colour TV Broadcasting.

Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide lamp (CDMH)

🧿Major criticism to the MH lamp is - poor lamp to lamp colourconsistency (less uniformity) and changes in colour through out the life(lack of stability)

🧿Ceramic Discharge Lamp is recent development to solve the issue to asatisfactory extent.

🧿Ceramic Ceramic can withstand withstand higher temperatures temperatures than quartz glass. Thispermits higher wall temperatures thereby evaporating more of themetal halide salts into the gas arc and allowing for more efficient use ofthe chemicals. Ceramic lamps offer improved luminous efficacy andcolour rendering as a result.

🧿Normally Poly Crystalline Alumina (PCA) is used.

🧿However, in contrast to silicon, aluminum hardly dissolves in tungstenand the reaction with rare earth elements are much more self limiting.

🧿But there is a colour shifting in output from Quartz to Ceramic Tube

Mercury Vapour

Mercury Vapour

A mercury vapour lamp is a particular kind of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp that emits illumination using mercury vapour.
When an electric current is run through a tube holding mercury vapour and other gases, the mercury atoms become excited and emit ultraviolet light.
This is how the lamp operates.The lamp's interior phosphorescent coating is then activated by the ultraviolet light, which causes it to produce visible light.

Low Pressure Mercury Discharge

💢Mercury Has Different excitation level

💢Electrical discharge in Low Pressure Mercury Vapour is mostly(typically 63%) converted into

UV-C radiations -Two resonanceradiations radiations are at 253.7 nm & 185 nm

💢Approximately 3% is converted into visible radiations –predominantly at 405 nm (Violet), 436 nm (Blue), 546 nm(Green) & 578 nm(Yellow). The overall effect of the mixture isa discharge of Pale Blue colour light, but obviously with verysmall efficacy.

💢The remaining Input energy is dissipated as heat radiations.

Low Pressure Mercury Vapour UV Lamp

High Altitude The most common application of mercury discharge is in fluorescent lamps, which produce visible radiation using the fluorescence principle.

To convert UV radiation into visible light, the lamp's interior wall is coated with phosphor.

💥Fluorescent Lamp will be discussed in details in the next module.

💥But Low Pressure Pressure Mercury Mercury Vapour Lamp without without any phosphorphosphorcoating producing UV Rays, are also used in some specific fields.

UV Lamp Application

⋙ UV lamp finds its application as germicidal or Ozone absorption lamps. UVis also essential for Chromatography, Photochemistry, Calibration of UVDetectors, Calibrations of Spectrophotometer, and more.

⋙ UV-C light is germicidal – it deactivates the DNA of bacteria, and otherpathogens and thus destroys their ability to multiply and cause disease. UV-C germicidal lamp has its application in medical sector (pharmaceutical production, laboratories, hospitals and clinics) Water purification, Industryand Food Processing

⋙UV also attracts insects and flies. So UV lamps are also used in electricinsect killer. A light source (emitting UV and blue visible radiations) attractsinsects to an electrical grid, where they get fatal electric shock by touchingtwo wires with a high voltage between them. It is housed in a protectivecage to prevent human and larger animals to touch the high voltage grid.

High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp :

Construction

⋟ Normally operated vertically.

⋟ Inner Arc Tube - hard glass i.e quartz in order to withstand high temperature

⋟ It consists of Tungsten electrodes, Mercury and small amount argon gas.

⋟ Outer glass (Elliptical shape) - Soda-Lime silicate silicate glass and for higher rating Borosilicate glass.

⋟ Space between inner & outer glass tube - completely or partially evacuated to reduce convection heat loss.

⋟ For cold start an auxiliary electrode - molybdenum or tungsten positioned close to one of the main electrode, but connected to the opposite supply polarity through a limiting carbon resistor of 10-30 KΩ

HPMV Lamp : Working Principle

⇛ Argon (Filling gas) pressure – 2500-5000Pa, Mercury dose 18 to 36 mgdepending on the lamp rating.

⇛Initially supply is in between main and auxiliary electrode resulting dischargethrough argon – reddish radiation.

⇛ After some time Hg is vaporised, ionisation and discharge of Hg starts.

⇛After complete vaporisation of Hg, a low resistance path is created betweentwo main electrodes electrodes and the arc is shifted shifted to main electrodes electrodes.

⇛ Auxiliary electrode along with the limiting resistance becomes inactive.

⇛ When fully run up the lamp operates at 1 to 2 Atmosphere. For higher pressurefurther spectrum broadening is achieved generating more white light .

⇛ Due to increased pressure comparatively broad spectrum is developed andhence bluish white radiation together with UV, but it is deficient at Red end ofthe spectrum.

⇛ The phosphor coating on the inner wall of the outer envelop increases thelamp efficacy by converting UV into Red Light (600-750nm). Colour renderingproperty is also improved.

HPMV Lamp: Electrical & Optical Characteristics and Application

🧿Operating Voltage – Supply Voltage

🧿Operating Temperature – 600˚C

🧿Power rating – 80 – 1000 W

🧿Takes 4-5 min for full brilliance

🧿Colour – Bluish White

🧿Life – 10000-24000 working hours

🧿CRI (Typical (Typical 250 W) – 16-20 (Clear Bulb) & 40- 50 (Phosphor Coated)

🧿CCT (Typical 250 W) – 6000 K (Clear Bulb) & 3800 K (Phosphor Coated)

🧿Luminous efficacy – 35-65 Lm/W

🧿Application – High ceiling manufacturing bay, Railway Yard, Airport, Shopping Centre, Stage, Sports Lighting etc.

🧿After damage of lamp, disposal of mercury is another problem - health hazardous

🧿Now a days almost obsolete due to poor efficacy and CRI.

Halogen Lamp & Gaseous Discharge Lamps

Halogen Lamp

👉 Small-scale halogen (preferably iodine) vapour addition to the pressing gas

👉It uses a chemical process known as the regenerative cycle to restore some of the evaporated tungsten vapour to the filament.

👉Tungsten + Iodine = Tungsten Iodide

👉Thermal breakdown of Tungsten Iodide near the filament at higher temperature results in deposition of tungsten on filament

Advantage and Application

Advantages:

💢Higher operating temp. &hence better Luminous efficacy (22- 33 Lu/W)

💢 Longer life (2000 working hours)

💢Reduced blackening of lamp

💢Reduced dimension

💢 Better colour rendering

Application:

💥Outdoor Illumination of building, playground, gardens, airport runways etc.

💥Indoor illumination of public halls, factories, sports halls, TV studio etc.

Gaseous Discharge Lamps

👉 Sodium Vapour ↠ (a) High Pressure (HPSV or SON) (b) Low Pressure (LPSV or SOX)

👉Mercury Vapour

👉Neon

👉 Metal Halide

👉 Fluorescent

👉Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL)

Sodium Vapour Lamp

A sodium vapour lamp is a particular kind of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp that emits illumination using sodium vapour.
The lamp works by passing an electric current through a tube containing sodium and other gases, which causes the sodium atoms to become excited and emit yellow light.

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About Me

Units

What is Mechanical Engineering?

• Computer Aided Design (CAD)

Simulation.

Sensor and actuators.

3D printing.

Collaboration with other fields.

Mechanical Engineering curriculum

In almost any accredited Mechanical Engineering program, the following courses are required:

Examples of industries employing MEs

configuration are recorded underneath.

TRACTION

VARIOUS SYSTEMS OF TRACTION

IDEAL TRACTION SYSTEM

DIFFERENT SYSTEM OF TRACTION

Neon Lamps

what is neon lamp ?

Neon Sign Tubes

Colorimetry

Colour

Colorimetry

CIE chromaticity diagram

Colorimetric instrument

Colour rendering index (CRI)

Metal Halide Lamp

Contents:

Metal Halide Lamp: Working Principle

Working Process

Optical Characteristics and Applications

Ceramic Discharge Metal Halide lamp (CDMH)

Mercury Vapour

Contents:

Low Pressure Mercury Discharge

Low Pressure Mercury Vapour UV Lamp

UV Lamp Application

High Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamp :

Construction

HPMV Lamp : Working Principle

HPMV Lamp: Electrical & Optical Characteristics and Application

Halogen Lamp

Advantage and Application

Advantages:

Application:

Gaseous Discharge Lamps

Sodium Vapour Lamp

A sodium vapour lamp is a particular kind of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp that emits illumination using sodium vapour.The lamp works by passing an electric current through a tube containing sodium and other gases, which causes the sodium atoms to become excited and emit yellow light.

Contents:

(a) High Pressure (HPSV or SON)

Construction:-

Building Method

Applications and Visual Properties

(b) Low Pressure (LPSV or SOX)

Construction

Working Process

Optical Characteristics and Application

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A sodium vapour lamp is a particular kind of high-intensity discharge (HID) lamp that emits illumination using sodium vapour.
The lamp works by passing an electric current through a tube containing sodium and other gases, which causes the sodium atoms to become excited and emit yellow light.